Mars exploration has always been a hot spot in human space exploration. The “Curious” Mars Rover has been landing for more than six years, and it has completed 16 drilling samplings, providing a direct basis for humans to recognize Mars. This paper is based on the technical data published by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), around the design requirements of sampling drilling, sampling drilling system structural design and contact stability system, auxiliary structural system, pressure and rotary transmission system, closed protective shell (stabilizer) systems, rotary drill systems, turntable systems, drive shaft systems, and impact drilling systems have been discussed. The system design is mainly combined with intelligent, modular and lightweight requirements. After 12 times of indoor linkage testing, it has completed the high integration of the cuttings, processing analysis, data storage and instrument control of the Mars. The carrying test was completed by the robot arm. Due to the first attempt of Mars sampling drilling and the technical confidentiality of NASA, the relevant content of the paper is only used as a reference for study on Mars sampling drilling and deep earth intelligent drilling in China.