摘要
针对塔里木油田博孜区块巨厚砾石层的岩性差异大、可钻性差、钻头机械效率低和使用寿命短的问题,本文从刀翼式结构、中心强化、表孕镶多级人造金刚石配方、分体烧结工艺等方面对配套高速涡轮钻具钻进的新型表孕镶金刚石全面钻头进行了设计与研究。研制的Ø333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头在博孜区块进行现场应用,钻头的平均机械钻速2.01 m/h,寿命300 m,与进口孕镶金刚石全面钻头相当,但成本远低于进口钻头,大幅度提高了该地层勘探开发的施工效率,降低了勘探成本。
塔里木油田博孜区块是钻井提速的“硬骨头”,其位于库车坳陷克拉苏构造带西部,是塔里木油田“十四五”3500×1
根据博孜区块已钻探的深井超深井情况分析研究,巨厚砾岩层钻进中主要存在以下技术难题:
(1)博孜区块的巨厚砾石层厚度约2000~6000 m(埋深超过3000 m,平均厚度2900 m,最长达5830 m),可钻性差,且同一区块不同井砾石层之间的岩性差异大,钻头选型及提速技术优选难度
(2)常规牙轮钻头钻进巨厚砾石层井段时,钻头机械钻速低,寿命短,即使狮虎兽复合钻头等新型钻头也磨损严重。例如,博孜区块某探井采用牙轮钻头钻进砾石层时,机械钻速<0.90 m/h,共用时397 d才钻穿厚度5359 m的砾石层,牙轮钻头的平均使用寿命<72
(3)常规PDC钻头钻进巨厚砾石层井段时,经常出现复合片崩齿、钻头掏心和钻头磨损严重等问题,导致钻头寿命低,严重影响钻进效率。
针对博孜区块巨厚砾岩层的主要钻进难点,结合我国目前井底动力工具的发展现状,研制了配套高速涡轮钻具的全面孕镶金刚石钻头。通过对孕镶金刚石钻头的结构、金刚石参数、制造工艺等方面开展研究,试制Ø333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头配套高速涡轮钻进在博孜区块进行现场实验应用,钻头综合指标与国外同类产品相当,但费用远低于国外全面孕镶金刚石钻头+高速涡轮钻进方案,大大降低了钻井成本,获施工方高度认可,为该区高效勘探开发提供了有力的技术支撑,也为我国西部深层油气田相似地层钻井提供了一种高效的解决方案。
根据博孜区块巨厚砾石层岩性及高速涡轮钻进的特点,结合以往在砾石层使用全面钻头+高速螺杆钻具钻进的研究基础,从钻头的结构、切削齿、金刚石参数、制造工艺等方面开展了以下研究。
根据钻头轮廓设计特点并借鉴以往坚硬地层复合片钻头和孕镶金刚石钻头冠部曲线的设计理

图1 钻头的冠部形状和结构示意
Fig.1 Crown shape and structure of the bit
金刚石钻头钻进坚硬岩石时,主要靠金刚石在压力和水平回转力的作用下在岩石表面研磨压碎切削岩石,因此线速度越高的切削齿位置,其切削能力越强,但钻头的中心位置线速度为
切削齿采用表镶大颗粒人造金刚石+孕镶多级人造金刚石热压胎块,其热压烧结温度是800~850 ℃,可以大大降低人造金刚石的热损伤;表镶8~10目大颗粒人造金刚石,孕镶16~40目金刚石的浓度为100%~150%,工作层高度为25~30 m
经过上述各方面的研究后,试制了一个Ø333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头(见

图2 Ø333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头
Fig.2 Ø333mm surface impregnated diamond bit
该钻头在博孜区块配合高速涡轮钻具进行了钻进试验,钻头钻进61 m后进尺速度缓慢,提钻出井后的钻头照片见

图3 Ø333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头出井后照片
Fig.3 Photo of Ø333mm surface impregnated diamond bit after it is tripped out of the well
根据第一次钻头的使用情况分析后,改进了钻头的制造工艺,采用钻头中心部分+外侧部分分体无压烧结后再组合在一起(见

图4 分体烧结钻头结构示意
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the improved bit structure

图5 改进后Ø333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头
Fig.5 Second improved Ø333mm surface impregnated diamond bit
由

图6 改进后Ø333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头出井后照片
Fig.6 Photo of the improved Ø333mm surface impregnated diamond bit after it is tripped out of the well

图7 3种钻头在博孜区块巨厚砾石层使用情况对比
Fig.7 Comparison of three kinds of bits used in the
massive gravel layer in the Bozi Block
由
从
通过钻头结构、中心加强、多级孕镶金刚石配方、分体烧结制造工艺研究试制的Ø333 mm新型刀翼式表孕镶金刚石全面钻头配合高速涡轮钻具能够很好地满足博孜区块巨厚砾石层钻进要求;钻头的平均时效达2.01 m,使用寿命300 m,其使用效果与进口孕镶金刚石钻头相当,但费用远低于进口钻头,大大降低了钻探成本,可以有效支撑油气勘探开发,后续需研究改进提高连接和保径处的耐磨性,以进一步提高钻头的寿命。
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