The low temperature resistance of drilling fluid is one of the keys for core drilling in Antarctica ice sheet. According to the characteristics of ice core drilling and the special requirements for drilling fluids in Antarctic, based on the comprehensive analysis on the application experience of ice drilling fluids both in China and abroad, theoretical study was made on organosilicon, fluohydrocarbon, aliphatic monocarboxylic acid ester and aliphatic dibasic acid ester, their viscosity and density were tested under different temperatures and the mechanism of changes in viscosity and density were also analyzed. The result indicates that the hydrogen bond strongly influences the viscosity temperature coefficient of the fatty acid ester, and the lowest viscosity temperature coefficient of drilling fluid could be obtained if there is no hydrogen bond formation. Besides, the increase of the density mainly depends on the shrinking volume of the drilling fluid; the chemical structure and morphology have nothing to do with the change of density. These results have theoretical and practical significance for the selection and optimization of the ultra-low temperature drilling fluid system for ice core drilling in Polar Regions.