Rock vibrates when the bit breaks rock. In order to study the influence of rock characteristics on rock vibration during drilling, a vibration-based rock identification method is proposed. Rock vibration equations are established on vibration theory and elastic mechanics, and numerical simulation software is used to analyze the influence of different parameters on rock vibration. Research shows that rock vibrates under the impact load, and rock properties are closely related to vibration; the density, rigidity and compressive strength of rock has a certain effect on rock vibration, and the rock strength has the most obvious effect; the smaller the rock rigidity, the lower the strength. The rock vibrates more under the impact load. Studying the vibration characteristics of rock during impact drilling is of great significance for drilling parameter setting and lithology identification.