This paper mainly explores the key physical and mechanical parameters, and fracture initiation pressure range and distribution characteristics of oil shale in the Wangqing, Nong’an and Huadian areas of Jilin Province. Comparison and analysis of compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of oil shale in Wangqing, Nong’an and Huadian lead to the finding that the ranges of compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of oil shale are similar in Wangqing, Nong’an and Huadian of Jilin Province. The results show that the range of compressive strength of Jilin oil shale is 9 to 30MPa, and the average value is 15.35MPa; the range of tensile strength is 0.3 to 3MPa, and the average value is 0.95MPa; the range of elastic modulus is 0.22 to 9.9GPa, and the average value is 3.1GPa; the range of Poisson’s ratio is 0.2 to 0.5, and the average value is 0.33. Calculation of the fracture initiation pressure of oil shale at different burial depth indicates that the fracture initiation pressures of Wangqing, Nong’an and Huadian oil shale decrease in turn at the same burial depth. With the increase of burial depth, the fracture initiation pressure almost increases linearly. At last, the fracture initiation pressure of Jilin oil shale under different burial depth is found as: when d=200m, the range of the fracture initiation pressure is 0.5 to 2.3MPa; when d=400m, the range of the fracture initiation pressure is 1.0 to 4.5MPa; when d=600m, the range of the fracture initiation pressure is 1.6 to 6.8MPa; and when d=800m, the range of the fracture initiation pressure is 2.1 to 9.0MPa. Therefore, it is recommended that the pressure range should be controlled at 0.5 to 9MPa for the fracture initiation pressure of Jilin oil shale.