摘要
深层油气资源开发已成为国家油气发展的重要战略,泥页岩井段井壁失稳是制约深层油气资源安全高效开采的技术“瓶颈”。本文在分析深层泥页岩井壁失稳的力学机理和化学机理基础上,着重论述考虑泥页岩水化作用、弱结构面、各向异性和多场耦合的井壁稳定性预测模型的研究进展和发展趋势。钻井液密度不合理是井壁力学失稳的主要原因,泥页岩水化作用是井壁化学失稳的主要原因;在井壁流-固-化-热四场耦合作用下,考虑弱结构面、各向异性对泥浆安全密度窗口的影响,是目前研究深层泥页岩井壁稳定性的主要趋势和方法。
我国对石油天然气资源的需求量日益增加,2020年原油对外依存度预计超过70%,天然气预计超过40
在钻井过程中泥页岩地层发生失稳破坏,主要表现为井眼缩径(见

图1 井壁失稳现象
Fig.1 Types of wellbore failure
地层被钻开前仅受到原始地应力的作用,地层被钻开后钻井液液柱压力与原始地应力同时作用在井壁围岩上,井壁围岩应力场因而发生重新分布。钻井液侵入到井壁围岩,或地层流体侵入到井眼内均会引起井壁围岩孔隙压力重新分布,进而影响有效应力重新分布,导致井壁围岩发生变形。泥页岩井壁围岩失稳机制包括围岩塑性流动或大变形、沿弱结构面(层理、节理、裂缝等)的剪切滑动,及钻井液密度不能平衡地应力所引起的井壁破裂和坍
(1) |
式中:——地层原始孔隙压力当量密度;——井壁坍塌压力当量密度;——钻井液密度;——井壁破裂压力当量密度。
泥页岩可以认为是一种多孔的弹塑性介质,孔隙弹塑性力学可以较为准确地表达泥页岩的应变与应力本构关
当地层被钻开后,井筒中的钻井液经过与地层流体之间的孔隙压力差、温度差、化学势差和地层毛细管力的驱动作用,进入近井壁地层。随着井壁裸露时间增长,钻井液与地层矿物质接触后发生化学反应。泥页岩地层中粘土矿物主要包括高岭石、绿泥石、蒙脱石和伊利石等。泥页岩中粘土质矿物易水化膨胀,在钻井液的浸泡下出现弹性模量、力学强度等参数降低,最终弱化了井壁围岩的胶结性,降低了井壁围岩的强度,导致井壁支撑能力减弱,加剧了井眼垮塌的现

图2 水化分散的硬脆性泥页
Fig.2 Hydration of hard brittle shale
油基钻井液可以较好解决钻井过程中泥页岩水化的问题,但其成本高、污染大,实际生产现场更多的是使用经特殊处理的水基钻井液。水基钻井液对泥页岩井壁稳定性影响研究,目前主要是针对钻井液密度、抑制性、流变性、封堵性和活度。汪

图3 硬脆性泥页岩泡水前后比较
Fig.3 Comparisons of hard brittle shale before and after soaking in the water
由于沉积成岩作用,泥页岩通常具有明显的层理与裂缝发育、各向异性、水化特征,裸露的井壁又处于温度场、应力场、渗流场、化学场等多个物理场耦合作用。针对泥页岩特征和多场耦合作用,国内外相关文献报道了大量的井壁稳定性预测模型。
在水基钻井液浸泡下,泥页岩粘土矿物水化作用明显。Chenever
泥页岩地层中通常发育着层理、节理和天然裂缝,这些结构面具有较页岩本体更弱的胶结性。金衍

图4 层状页岩与水平井井壁应力坐标关
Fig.4 Coordinate relationship between horizontal wellbore stress and laminar shale
泥页岩地层的力学性质通常具有各向异性特征。Lekhnitski

图5 页岩弹性模量与取心角的关
Fig.5 Relationship between the coring angle and the elastic modulus of shale
Heidug
周

图6 泌阳凹陷陆相页岩坍塌压力随井斜方位的分
Fig.6 Collapse pressure distribution versus the deviation and azimuth angles in continental shale in Biyang Sag
(1)钻井液密度不合理而失去对井壁有效支撑是井壁力学失稳的主要原因,泥页岩水化作用而引起的井壁围岩强度弱化是井壁化学失稳的主要原因。“力学-化学”耦合的泥页岩井壁稳定性研究的核心是如何定量研究水化作用引起的力学效应,并应用于井壁应力场中。
(2)水基钻井液对泥页岩井壁稳定性影响研究目前主要是针对钻井液密度、抑制性、封堵性、活度和流变性,目的是拓宽钻井液安全密度窗口,延长井壁的坍塌周期。
(3)针对钻井过程中泥页岩地层实际发生的井壁破坏机理,在流-固-化-热四场耦合的井壁应力场基础上,考虑泥页岩弱结构面、水化作用、材料各向异性对井壁钻井液安全密度窗口的影响,是目前研究深层泥页岩井壁稳定性的主要趋势和方法。结合实际的井壁稳定情况,修改和完善井壁稳定性预测模型。
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