Abstract:This paper analyzes Phase I geological survey results of Wuhan City with their application in the urban planning and construction, environmental protection, land utilization, and safe sustainable development. In-depth investigation is conducted on the problems on present application of the Wuhan urban geological survey results with some measures put forward for continuous and effective application of such survey results, including setting up a management and application section of urban geological survey results, integrating management of geological results into the government management process, establishing a mechanism for updating and maintaining of the urban geological survey results to improve the application efficiency of urban geological survey results.

Abstract:During the construction of sponge city, geological conditions always have an important influence on choosing suitable low impact development (LID) facilities. Based on the metropolitan development area of Wuhan City, the mechanism that geological conditions influence the construction of sponge city is analyzed through processing of the urban geological survey data. According to the abilities of water storage, seepage and purification, seven factors, including surface slope, formation lithology, Quaternary thickness, volume of groundwater, extent of soil contamination, vegetation cover rate and distance from the surface drainage, are chosen to build the evaluation systems. Each factor is weighted with the analytic hierarchy process, graded according to national standards or the situation in the study area, and stacked with Mapgis. The results show that most areas are suitable or comparatively suitable for sponge city construction. Formation lithology and the distance from surface drainage are two important influence factors, and the abilities of water storage and seepage should be also taken into account in deployment of low impact development facilities in sponge city construction.

Abstract:As one method of Trenchless, HDD technology is widely used in new pipeline laying and existing pipeline repair in the fields of water supply and drainage, electric power, communications, oil and gas. The phenomenon of “overflow” is easy to occur when the HDD construction is carried out in the shallow stratum and the area where the stress of the overburden is small. This paper which combines the research status of "overflow" prevention and control technology domestic and foreign areas discusses the application of a new in-hole jet pump system design by a German company in trenchless engineering. The system sets a high-pressure jet pump system installed near the drill bit to collect cuttings formed during reaming process, thereby reducing the number of cuttings in the borehole space. The system is mainly composed of drill cuttings collection device, jet pump and connecting device, which can clean up about 98% of cuttings in the borehole. According to the needs of the project, four modes, such as borehole clearing, soft ground reaming & cleaning, combination and pipe pullback, can be used for pipeline laying. Field practice indicates that the longest drilling length can reach 122m per day associated with the system. At the same time, the existing problem is present in this paper. The screen will be blocked due to the formation of cuttings aggregation in complex formations with small diameter drilling. For the pipe pullback mode, how to change the return loop of cuttings is still the key problem to be solved in the jobsite.

Abstract:Shield tunneling of Changsha Metro Line 5 crossed Liuyang River where the tunnel was covered with shallow overburden and the engineering properties of the whole weathered conglomerate and the upper gravel layer wer poor. Karst is developed in weathered calcareous conglomerate in the tunnel floor with the maximum height of the cavern up to 15.8 m which is filled by loose conglomerate and sandy soil. Before shield tunneling, the fast-controllable sleeve valve pipe grouting technology was used to treat the karst efficiently on a platform built on the river. During crossing operations, several key technologies had been adopted to deal with the complex conditions, such as shallow under water overburden, water rich formation, karst developed floors, closeness to the bridge pile foundation, to avoid risks effectively, and the engineering experience is worthy of reference.

Abstract:For the exploitation of low-permeability oil shale deposits, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) fracturing technology avoids the formation damage, possible induced earthquakes and environmental pollution caused by hydraulic fracturing effectively and becomes a hot waterless fracturing technology because of its advantages of reducing initiation pressure, communicating micro cracks and developing complex fracture network. This paper introduced in detail the technical characteristics and the experimental and mathematical model studies of SC—CO2 fracturing in recent years. From the view of experimental studies about crack propagation mechanism, experimental studies about lithologic change with the interaction of SC—CO2, the development of SC—CO2 fracturing fluid and mathematical model studies about the flowing rules of sand carrying SC—CO2, temperature of wellbore, crack initiation and propagation mechanism, the research progress and deficiency of SC—CO2 fracturing technology were discussed and suggestions were put forward about the design of tackifier, effective evaluation of fracture and enhancement of oil shale reservoir heat transfer and seepage capacity caused by packed fracture, providing a reference for its development.

Abstract:In order to explore the process and mechanism of high pressure water jet cutting and breaking natural gas hydrate reservoir of the South China Sea, LS—DYNA3D code had been used to simulate the process of water jet breakup of hydrates in submerged state. The effect of different jet velocities on the crushing effect of hydrate bearing sediments under high pressure water jet was studied. The erosion depth increases linearly with the jet velocity. The erosion volume of hydrates sediment is the result of axial erosion and radial erosion. The greater the jet velocity is, the axial and radial erosion of hydrate deposits are enhanced, and the increasing rate of the erosion volume of the hydrate deposits is increased.

Abstract:The difference in ground stress has an important influence on the fracture propagation of split grouting. Aiming at the water stoppage in the oil shale in-situ retorting zone, this paper proposes a new method combining directional perforation and split grouting to guide fracture propagation. According to the oil shale parameters, RFPA was used to analyze the influence of perforation on fracture propagation, and further analyze the influence of ground stress difference on fracture propagation with perforation. The results show that compared with non-perforated grouting, perforated grouting can direct splitting and reduce grouting pressure; When the stress in the x direction is greater than the stress in the y direction, a large number of fractures generated between the perforations connect the perforations to form a curtain；When the stress in the x direction is less than the stress in the y direction, as the stress difference gradually increases, the fracture propagation gradually deflects from the x direction to the y direction，until the stress difference becomes the main factor affecting fracture propagation, no fractures are formed between the perforations and the perforations cannot be connected. This study can provide a reference for the water stop project in the oil shale in-situ retorting zone.

Abstract:In order to meet the needs for deep hole core drilling equipment in deep prospecting, scientific drilling and new energy exploration, research has been carried out to develop a complete set of 4000m geological core drilling technology and equipment. A top drive system is adopted in the rotary system of the 4000m geological core drilling rig to realize core drilling at high RPM, with the rotary table system placed at the bottom of the derrick to provide high torque and low RPM to meet different working conditions; the drilling tower and hoisting system allows tripping of long stands of drilling strings, cutting short the tripping time; and the rotary system can provides stepless variable speeds and the driller can operate the rig in a smart way through use of the international advanced all-digital AC frequency-conversion technology and automation, intelligent control technology, computer control technology, field bus communication and program control technology on the electric drive control system. The 4000m AC variable frequency drive core drilling rig has been used in Tianjin Dongli Lake Geothermal Survey Well (Well CGSD—01), and its technical performance has been preliminarily verified. It has the advantages of simple operation, high safety and reliability, low cost and so on. This paper introduces the background of the research program of 4000m AC Frequency-conversion Electric Drive Core Drill, as well as the current research situation at home and abroad, overall technical plan, main structure and characteristics, main technical parameters, field production trials.

Abstract:Some geophysical methods are used to detect the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) in investigation of marine gas hydrate resources, and then the distribution scope and depth of gas hydrate is identified according to the position of BSR. But drilling samples demonstrate that BSR can not entirely and accurately reflect the depth of gas hydrate. A new type of combined wireline drilling tool has been developed, which can not only use logging-while-drilling tools to detect formation resistivity to determine whether gas hydrate exists in the formation, but can also be switched to wire-line core samplers to take cores by use of the wire-line fishing system. Through design, trial-manufacture and laboratory tests, the feasibility of the gas-hydrate detection and drilling sampler has been verified, which lays a foundation for the subsequent field experiments.

Abstract:Hot dry rock (HDR) is a renewable green clean energy source; however its exploration and development is characterized with great burial depth, broken strata, abnormal pressure, high temperature gradient, high temperature at the bottom of the hole (usually＞200℃), and there are many problems during drilling, such as circulation loss, unstable wellbore, falling stones, pipe sticking. This paper analyzes the key technical difficulties on high temperature drilling fluids: temperature resistance of agents and systems, foaming, circulation loss, wellbore stability etc. At the same time, with introduction of the development and Application of high temperature drilling fluids in domestic and foreign countries, research is conducted on the development trend of the high temperature drilling fluids so as to provide effective technical support to promote the exploration and development of dryhot rock resources in China.

Abstract:3500m core drilling equipment (YDX—6 drilling rig) is independently developed in China for deep mineral resources exploration, by which, the drilling depth can reach 3500m with N standard drilling scheme, and the important feature is the use of long cylinder drilling and tripping. This paper mainly introduces YDX—6 drilling rig about its production test in oil and gas well exploration, and elaborates the mining area structure, borehole structure, drilling process, drilling effect, major problems encountered and the solutions.

Abstract:The concept of the interference-free underground heat exchange well is to pre-heat the circulating medium with the natural ground heat in mid-deep to deep wells and provide auxiliary heating in winter, achieving energy conservation. It is a closed loop system with the sealed metal heat exchanger and a kind of green heating method, since it recovers only heat without consuming water. With the features of environmental protection, cleanliness and low carbon without pollution, it will be one of the most important means for clean heating in north China. This paper presents the heat exchange system and the completion technology.

Abstract:Wannandi Well—1 is a basic shale gas geological survey well deployed in Yandun Town, Nanling County, Anhui. This paper introduces in detail the drilling techniques and the treatment of the difficulties encountered in drilling, and analyzes the drilling efficiency with the relevant measures put forward for achieving quality and efficient drilling. With successful drilling of the well, the stratigraphic sequence in the southern Anhui area has been correlated, providing powerful physical data support and verification for the theoretical inference of shale gas reservoirs.

Abstract:As the world’s energy problems become more prominent, natural gas hydrates have received much attention as a new type of energy. Due to the special nature of natural gas hydrates, extremely stringent requirements are imposed on exploration and mining in the frozen soil or marine environment. Drilling fluid plays an important role in ensuring safe drilling of natural gas hydrate. Therefore, research on hydrate drilling fluid has been an important part of natural gas hydrate exploration technology research. This paper focuses on the research progress of hydrate inhibitors and drilling fluid systems, and analyzes the development trend of natural gas hydrate drilling fluids.

Abstract:In the process of in-situ exploitation of oil shale, the production well communicates with the surrounding environment, and the oil generated in situ easily penetrates into the surrounding formation to cause environmental pollution. At present, there is no economical in-situ sealing technology to solve this problem. Based on the principle of grouting closure, this paper proposes to use a non-polluting and low-cost ultra-fine cement grouting formula to seal the mining area. After optimization of a series of formulas, it is finally determined that the optimum formula is made up with water-cement ratio of 0.8, micro-silica powder content of 6%, bentonite content of 2%, and polycarboxylate water-reducing agent content of 0.4%. The performance of the formula basically meets the engineering requirements.

Abstract:Shale gas reservoirs in the northwestern Hunan are dense, with low porosity and low permeability, and it is necessary to fracture the reservoir. The proppant-carrying capacity of the fracture fluid is the key to successful fracturing. In view of the characteristics of shale gas reservoirs in northwestern Hunan, the rheological properties and viscoelastic sand-carrying experiments were conducted to optimize the concentration of SDBS used as the main sand-carrying medium. The results show that the proppant-carrying fluid belongs to pseudo plastic fluids. When the concentration of SDBS is 0.03%, it provides the smallest fluidity index, the largest consistency coefficient, and the largest ratio of the structural viscosity/the flow resistance, and is ideal for the shale reservoir fracturing in the northwestern Hunan. The viscoelastic sand carrying capacity of the proppant-carrying liquid is related to its structural viscosity, and the structural viscosity (ηs) and precipitation rate (v) satisfy v=-0.016ηs +2.304.

Abstract:Due to the long time of well completion in a geothermal well in the Guide Basin, a water inrush accident occurred along the well. This paper analyzes the reasons for water inflow from the well side and uses a reasonable method to successfully treat the water inrush accident. To provide a reference for similar geothermal projects.

Abstract:The North China Plain is an area suffering from serious ground fissures, to which major linear projects are most sensitive. Multiple factors contribute to the formation of ground fissures in piedmont plains. Based on the ArcGIS platform, five main influence factors——active tectonic, geomorphic lithology, underground water level, thickness of the quaternary, and present situation of ground fissure distribution, are selected to conduct the ground fissure risk assessment for Jing-Shi High-speed Rail and the Jing-Shi section along the South-to-North Water Transfer Line with the AHP-information model. The results show that this method can provide proper fissure risk assessment, and be applicable in similar cases.

Abstract:The highway is the main carrier of national economic development, and slope stability evaluation and treatment along the road will be the key work for a long time. Based on the treatment of six hazardous rock bodies in Section K3+500~K4+720 over the national highway G108 in the Beijing Fangshan district, this paper conducts study on the stability evaluation method and treatment measures for rock slopes. The study is focused on the stability assessment of the slope and the selection of the effective treatment measures.

Abstract:The tailings dam is one of the important mining facilities, and it will cause incalculable losses in case of loss of instability since it contains huge volumes of water and tailings inside. Based on the fluid-solid coupling theory, a finite element calculation model for tailings dams is established while taking into account of the drainage wells in the dam. The distribution of the saturation lines is simulated under different working conditions in the dam. The stress and strain fields of the tailings dam are analyzed under the static stability and fluid-solid coupling. Moreover, the simulated position of the saturation line is compared with the monitoring results. The relationship between the changing rules of the saturation lines the dam stability is also illustrated with the stability of the tailings dam assessed under different working conditions. Finally, fluid-solid coupling of the seepage field and the stress field is carried out to simulate the stress displacement distribution within the dam for 365 days, which provides a reliable basis and technical support for the construction and safety operation of the tailings dam.

Abstract:The limited land resource endowment and the shortage of land supply restrict economic development seriously and have caused many social problems; The wasteland ecosystem structure is destroyed, resulting in geological hazards and needs to be managed. The scattered distribution of waste land and unreasonable allocation of resources have caused too many unnecessary losses in the process of utilization, which requires intensive planning. With analysis of the RSP and rehabilitation design of a damaged mountain zone at an abandoned limestone mine for conversion into a photovoltaic power station site, this article intends to put forward a reasonable and practical solution, providing insights for development of the potential value of similar waste lands.

Abstract:Through analysis of soil samples from typical tailings reservoirs, the heavy metal over-limit rate and the plant body BCF are used together with screening of weighted values of the pollution factors to identify typical pollutants, and the corresponding measures are proposed for soil pollution restoration, providing a basis for the pollution control of tailings reservoirs.

Abstract:When the contaminated soil is remedied by remediation agents through traditional injection well, the effects are poor with long treatment cycle. In this paper, high-pressure rotary jet grouting technology is used to make up for the deficiency of the traditional agents injection. Indoor soaking experiments are carried out to study and compare the corrosiveness of traditional agents to high-pressure rotary jet equipment; while using cement slurry as “agent” to carry out the field simulation test of high-pressure rotary jet, the high-pressure jet grouting parameters suitable for in-situ remediation of high viscosity formation in Shanghai are obtained and the jet grouting technology for in-situ remediation of contaminated sites is perfected.

Abstract:Human beings needs ice drilling technology with high efficiency and environmental protection for exploitation of research on polar resources, and thermal drilling is one of the commonly used methods. In order to improve the energy utilization of thermal drilling technology, a method of ice drilling with sonic frequency vibration is proposed in this paper. The mechanism of ice drilling by ultrasonic vibration is analyzed. Calculation of the efficiency of ultrasonic vibration ice drilling and lab tests prove that ultrasonic drilling can provide high ROP and high thermal efficiency, and be used for drilling polar ice sheets and ice shelves.

Abstract:Radial collector wells are widely used as the municipal ground water production structure, as well as water intake facilities to improve saline-alkali land due to their characteristics of high water yield per single well, stable water quality and large control area. Investigation of the construction methods of traditional radial collector wells has found some problem, such as low construction safety, low drilling efficiency and poor drilling quality in the construction process of traditional collection shafts and radial laterals. This paper puts forward a solution for drilling of the radial collector well: sinking the collection shaft by auger drilling, and constructing the radial laterals by horizontal directional drilling. Through field trials, it is found that this solution can effectively tackle the problems existing in the traditional method, and it will find wider use with further improvement.

Abstract:As one method of Trenchless, HDD technology is widely used in new pipeline laying and existing pipeline repair in the fields of water supply and drainage, electric power, communication, oil and gas associated with its advantages of low environmental interference and high construction efficiency. This paper presents the leachate diversion governance project of a landfill in the UK by HDD. Based on the technical principle, engineering background, process, application effect and improvement measures, some practices were achieved by the authors. Field practice indicates that HDD technology can be applied to the construction of horizontal discharge holes of landfill leachate, and the construction process should be optimized according to the site conditions and process parameters. Since the landfill contains a large amount of metal waste, the wireless electromagnetic guidance is replaced by a wired guiding system, which can greatly improve the positioning accuracy of the guiding drilling trajectory. The use of forward and over-reaming and pipe laying techniques helps to reduce drag and improve laying. The comparison operation results indicate that compared with the traditional leachate shaft drainage mode, the horizontal drilling efficiency is higher and the cost input is relatively lower. However, the impact of the heterogeneity of the pile on the construction process should be fully considered in the design and construction to reduce construction risks.

Abstract:The overall technological design of the safe landfill site is illustrated through a hazardous waste safe landfill site project, including the entire process of waste landfill disposal, pretreatment system, landfill structure, anti-seepage system, final cover of landfill site, environmental monitoring, etc. Some key points of the waste landfill site design process are discussed in conjunction with the actual design. Analysis shows that in the coastal soft soil area, the semi-rigid structure which adopts the double lining horizontal seepage control and vertical anti-seepage, can achieve the purpose of protecting the environment.

Abstract:The sonic drilling technology has the advantages of high speed, good core fidelity and wide application horizon. It is widely used in engineering survey, environmental investigation, shallow source geothermal, basic engineering, mine management and other fields. In order to improve the construction quality and process control of sonic drilling, the American Society for Materials and Experiments developed the first sonic drilling program D6914—04 in 2004. After many revisions and improvements, the latest sonic drilling program D6914/D6914M—16 was formed. According to the content of this edition, this paper expounds from the technical principle, drilling equipment, hole forming process and so on. When the vibrator overlaps the drill string resonance frequency, the energy received by the sonic drill bit peaks. Drilling rigs and core drilling tools are the core equipment for sonic drilling. The hole forming process is mainly based on double-tube high-frequency vibration and low-speed rotation, and realizes in-situ coring operation of various target layers. Standard related content has reference significance for the continuous promotion of sonic drilling technology in China.

Abstract:The storage type fiber optic gyro inclinometer is mainly intended to solve the problems of the inclinometer in borehole trajectory measurement in ultra-high temperature and ultra-high pressure environments, covering measurement of inclinations, azimuths, toolfaces, and temperatures at different drilling depths. It is desired to overcome some technical difficulties, such as the adaptability of the combined system of the fiber optic gyro sensor temperature drift and fiber optic gyro inertia measurement unit to down hole conditions, outfield calibration, error analysis and correction. An ultra-high temperature drilling trajectory measuring instrument has been developed, which can work at ambient temperature of 270℃ and ambient pressure of 120MPa. It has been used in high-temperature geothermal energy drilling, dry hot rock drilling, scientific drilling, and deep exploration drilling for mineral resources and oil and gas resources. With extension of its use, it will be able to provide technical support for ultra-high temperature drilling trajectory measurement.

Abstract:Mars exploration has always been a hot spot in human space exploration. The “Curious” Mars Rover has been landing for more than six years, and it has completed 16 drilling samplings, providing a direct basis for humans to recognize Mars. This paper is based on the technical data published by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), around the design requirements of sampling drilling, sampling drilling system structural design and contact stability system, auxiliary structural system, pressure and rotary transmission system, closed protective shell (stabilizer) systems, rotary drill systems, turntable systems, drive shaft systems, and impact drilling systems have been discussed. The system design is mainly combined with intelligent, modular and lightweight requirements. After 12 times of indoor linkage testing, it has completed the high integration of the cuttings, processing analysis, data storage and instrument control of the Mars. The carrying test was completed by the robot arm. Due to the first attempt of Mars sampling drilling and the technical confidentiality of NASA, the relevant content of the paper is only used as a reference for study on Mars sampling drilling and deep earth intelligent drilling in China.

Abstract:With the further strengthening of ecological civilization construction, the concept of green exploration further deepens. The application of shallow drilling instead of trenching technology has been further popularized in the application of basic geological survey and mineral survey. To more intuitively simulate trenching with drilling information to reveal the three-dimensional structure of the geological body (ore body), three-dimensional geological modeling based on drilling data was carried out. It is believed that the information of vertical geological body exposed by shallow drilling is more abundant, based on drilling, combined with expert intervention, three-dimensional geological model of borehole control area can be quickly constructed, which is vivid, intuitive and easy to use. At the same time, through the model construction can be used to guide shallow drilling holes.

Abstract:Drilling of the east borehole of Songliao Scientific Drilling Project (SK2) started officially in 2013 and ended in May 2018, lasting for 6 years with the final well depth reaching 7018m. There have been more than 700 contracts, more than 200 files, more than 1000 remittance records, and more than 1600 reimbursement records produced in execution of the project. So based on the LabVIEW platform, a project management system has been designed to cope with such huge amount of contracts and files, various accounting procedures, and many items involved in the SK2 project. The system can record all the contracts, documents, remittance and accounting information, and establish the link between the contract and remittance and reimbursement. It can also provide fuzzy inquiry, modification, hyperlink and so on.

Abstract:In the desert area, the stratum stability is poor and the frictional resistance is large, resulting in long distance and large diameter pipe jacking construction for a long time. The pressure loss of slurry transportation is large. It is easy to cause formation collapse and burying. The key to the smooth jacking of the large diameter pipe jacking project in the desert area is that the slurry should have good lubrication resistance and complete wall protection. Based on this key issue, indoor trials and field application studies were carried out to develop a new type of wall-reducing slurry suitable for pipe jacking in desert areas. Kaolin polymer slurry was used as the synchronous grouting slurry for the nose and the clay-free polymer slurry was used as a follow-up slurry along the line. On the basis of lubrication resistance reduction, the synchronous grouting slurry mainly focuses on the complete wall protection function, while the follow-up grouting slurry mainly highlights the characteristics of lubrication and drag reduction, so that the lubrication and drag reducing slurry system can achieve the best lubrication and wall protection functions. The new type of wall-reducing slurry for resistance reduction was developed for the first large-diameter pipe jacking project in the desert area at the top of 7～9 in the Ulan Buh desert sand-carrying water project in Inner Mongolia. The effect was good and the jacking-in work was successfully completed. The study has improved the key technologies of the pipe jacking engineering in desert areas, solved the problem of wall protection and drag reduction, and has great social and economic benefits.

Abstract:With the increasing demand for green environmental protection resources in the new era, geothermal resources are about to enter a large-scale development stage. At present, PDC bits are mainly used to achieve the economic and efficient access to geothermal resources. However, when drilling into high-temperature hard formations, there are problems with conventional PDC bits such as poor high-temperature resistance, slightly lower hardness than required, insufficient wear resistance. This paper summarizes the three wear mechanisms of PDC cutters: abrasive wear, impact wear, and thermal damage, which occur in drilling deep high temperature hard formations. Four methods for improving the high temperature resistance, hardness, and wear resistance of PDC cutters are described: coating technology, improvement of drilling parameters, composite drill bits and brazed cutting teeth. According to the current research situation, it is recommended that experiment on single PDC cutters be carried out from the perspective of combining the realization of independent analysis with the cutter correlation, and the design be optimized by dynamic modeling and real-time simulation of the working status.

Abstract:The high temperature and the abrasive environment in the downhole are the common causes of seal failure of rotary seals; therefore, it is of great importance to understand the wear mechanism of elastomers under high temperature conditions in the abrasive environment to improve the life of seals. The friction and wear experiments on rubbers were carried out to analyze the wear and friction mechanism of rubbers under abrasive conditions after treatment of the fluoro rubber ring at different high temperatures. The results show that as the heating temperature of the rubber increases, the time required for the equilibrium of the friction coefficient curve decreases. The worn form of the rubber surface which was not treated at a high temperature was mainly furrow-like. At 100℃, the worn surface of the rubber was affected by the high temperature, and the furrow was reduced. At 200℃, the fluoro rubber ring surface was worn into pits, and with the maximum wear and tear. The wear of the 304 stainless steel surface changed as the heating temperature of the rubber changed: the wear form changed from the furrow to the pit in the center of the wear surface, while it changed from the pit to the furrow in the inner side.

Abstract:Prediction is an important and difficult target during the drilling optimization process. Drawn upon the field data(comprising of a total of 28 types in 4 categories), a ROP prediction model is developed with combination of formation composition and drilling parameters. In order to increase the prediction accuracy and avoid the potential impact caused by its dimension and order of magnitude, the raw data is standardized. In addition, due to the excessive volume of the raw data, it is processed with polymer analysis and factor analysis to pick effective data, and then reduced to a prediction model of 11 input parameters and 1 output parameter. The technology of artificial neural network is used to perform the non-linearly fitting work, and the results indicate that the prediction error is less than 10%, which means the proposed prediction model can somehow provide guidance for field operations.